PREGABALIN 普瑞巴林 SPECTRAL DATA

 
Title compd pregabalin or compd 1

Pregabalin ((S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid) as a white solid .

The obtained solid had a melting point of 182 to 183° C. and [α]²⁰ _D was +6.0 (c 0.54, H₂O).

The result of H¹ NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) of Compound 1 obtained in this Example was as follows:
δ 2.95 (1H, dd, J=12.84 Hz and 3.54 Hz),
2.82 (1H, dd, J=12.82 Hz and 7.94 Hz),
2.44 (1H, dd, J=15.73 Hz and 3.37 Hz),
2.25 (1H, dd, J=15.70 Hz and 8.76 Hz),
2.06 (1H, m),
1.69 (1H, m),
1.23 (2H, m),
0.92 (6H, t, J=6.42 Hz), two CH3 groups at the end
shown in FIG. 16.

The result of ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, CD₃OD) of Compound 1 was as follows: 180.6(COOH Carbon), 45.9(CH2-NH2), 43.4, 43.1, 33.2(LONE CH2-H), 26.2( CH2-(CH3)2), 23.2, 22.6, shown in FIG. 17.

The result of HRMS (EI) (C₈H₁₇NO₂) was as follows: calculated value=159.1259, measured value=159.1259.

 Novel method for preparing pregabalin
US 20100286442 A1

https://www.google.co.in/patents/US20100286442?pg=PA15&dq=us+2010286442&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K7ONUrmjBovSrQef54GAAg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA

(S)-(+)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid is generally known as (S)-pregabalin, and also called (S)-(+)-β-isobutyl-γ-aminobutyric acid, (S)-3-isobutyl-GABA, or CI-1008. (S)-Pregabalin, marketed under the trade name LYRICA, is a neurotransmitter modulator that is effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain, seizure and generalized anxiety disorder, and is known to have a more rapid onset of action and be convenient to use. Thus, it is known to significantly alleviate a patient's symptoms, compared with other therapeutic agents for each disease (U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,175).

It was reported that chronic pain syndrome is associated with excessive neuronal activity and can be treated by reducing the concentration of neurotransmitters. Pregabalin, gabapentinoid drug, has a unique mechanism of action which allows treatment of certain neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Pregabalin modulates the voltage-dependent calcium channel in the central nervous system to increase the concentration of an endogenous inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), resulting in the treatment of certain neurologic disorders, pains, and psychiatric disorders (Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2005, 4, 455).

The anticonvulsant effect of racemic isobutyl-GABA is primarily attributable to the (S)-enantiomer, pregabalin (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1994, 4, 823). Thus, the commercial utility of pregabalin requires an efficient method for preparing the (S)-enantiomer with a high enantiomeric excess (hereinafter, referred to as “ee”).

Typically, a racemic mixture of 3-(aminomethyl)-5-methyl-hexanoic acid is synthesized and subsequently resolved into its (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. Such methods may employ an azide intermediate (Richard Silverman et al., Synthesis, 1989, 953., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,175), a malonate intermediate (Grote et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,046,353, 5,840,956, and 5,637,767), or Hofmann synthesis (Huckabee and Sobieray, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,629,447 and 5,616,793). In these methods, the classical method of resolving a racemate is used to separate and purify the desired (S)-enantiomer. Classical resolution involves preparation of a salt with a chiral resolving agent to separate and purify the desired (S)-enantiomer, and also substantial additional cost associated with the resolving agent. Partial recycling of the resolving agent is feasible, but this is associated with waste generation. Moreover, the maximum theoretical yield of pregabalin is 50%, since only half of the racemate is the desired product and the undesired (R)-enantiomer is ultimately discarded as waste. This reduces the effective throughput of the process (the amount that can be made in a given reactor volume) by 50% or less.

Pregabalin has been also synthesized by stereoselective synthesis using chiral auxiliary, (4R,5S)-4-methyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazolidinone (Richard Silverman et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,359,169, 6,028,214, 5,847,151, 5,710,304, 5,684,189, 5,608,090 and 5,599,973). Although these methods provide pregabalin in high enantiomeric purity, they are not practical for large-scale synthesis because they employ costly reagents which are difficult to handle, as well as special cryogenic equipment to reach the required operating temperatures.

Pregabalin can be also synthesized by asymmetric reaction using a catalyst. In this regard, US Patent Application No. 2003/0212290 describes a method of making pregabalin using a chiral rhodium catalyst via asymmetric hydrogenation of a cyano-substituted olefin to produce a chiral cyano precursor of (S)-3-(aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid. The cyano precursor is subsequently reduced to yield pregabalin. However, the method may create serious safety problems in large scale synthesis, because of using high levels of carbon monoxide gas in the preparation of the starting material, cyano-substituted olefin. In addition, pregabalin can be also synthesized by asymmetric cyanation using an Al-(Salen) catalyst (Jacobsen et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4442). However, the method is also not practical for large-scale synthesis, since its enantiomeric excess is as low as 96% ee and toxic reagents such as HCN and high-pressure hydrogen (500 psi) treatment are needed.

IR, CADILA HEALTHCARE LIMITED

WO 200862460

 IR (KBr, v cm^"1) : sp³ C-H stretch : 2960, 2935, 2902; N-H stretch : 2818, 2872; C-H bend : 1388 and C-O stretch : 1163.08.

SEE

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2013 ,  vol. 21,  8,   pg. 2305 - 2313

European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013 , 21,   pg. 4495 - 4498

 

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http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100292506

[0007]FIGURE: XRPD spectrum of crystalline pregabalin. 

Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

http://www.japtr.org/article.asp?issn=2231-4040;year=2010;volume=1;issue=3;spage=354;epage=357;aulast=Shah

The liquid chromatography system consists of the LC pump and autosampler from theAgilent 1100 series SPLC system (India). The detector was the API-2000 (Applied Biosystem / MDS Sciex, Toronto, Canada) mass spectrometer. Hypurity advance column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) was used as a stationary phase. The isocratic mobile phase consisting of Mehanol: 0.1% acetic acid (80:20, v / v) was used throughout the analysis. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.250 mL / minute with a splitter. The column oven temperature was kept at 40°C and the sample injection volume was 10 μL.

The Mass Spectrometer was operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The sample introduction and ionization technique was electrospray with positive polarity. The ion spray voltage was 4500 KV and the source temperature was 450 ^o C. Nitrogen sheath gas (GAS1) and auxiliary gas (GAS2) were 25 psi and 30 psi, respectively. The mass parameter and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) condition of each individual analyte is summarized in [Table 1]. The retention times of PB and GB were observed at 1.27 and 1.40 minutes, respectively, as shown in [Figure 2]a and b. Quantification was performed with the MRM of the transitions of m / z 160.2→55.1 for PB and m / z 172.2→95.0 for GB, with a scan time of 0.2 seconds per transition.

Table 1: Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy of the measurement of PB when used for positive ion detection Click here to view

Figure 2: (a) Chromatogram of PB R.T - 1.27 (b) Chromatogram of GB R.T - 1.40 Click here to view

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Crystalline forms of pregabalin and co-formers in the treatment of pain

http://www.google.com/patents/EP2527319A1?cl=en

• Figure 1 : Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of (S)-pregabalin - L-(+)-tartaric acid (1:1)(EXAMPLE 1)
• Figure 2 : Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of (S)-pregabalin - L-(+)-tartaric acid (1:1) (EXAMPLE 1)
• Figure 3 : X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of (S)-pregabalin - L-(+)-tartaric acid (1:1) (EXAMPLE 1)

..............................................................

CAS  148553-50-8

CAS Name: (3S)-3-(Aminomethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid

(S)-(+)-4-amino-3-(2-methylpropyl)butanoic acid; (S)-(+)-3-isobutyl-g-aminobutyric acid

Manufacturers' Codes: CI-1008; PD-144723

: Lyrica (Pfizer)

MF C8H17NO2

MW 159.23

Percent Composition: C 60.34%, H 10.76%, N 8.80%, O 20.10%

Literature References: Structural analog of g-aminobutyric acid, q.v.; ligand at a2d subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels. Prepn of racemate: R. Andruszkiewicz, R. B. Silverman, Synthesis 1989, 953. 

Enantioselective synthesis: P. Yuen et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 4, 823 (1994). 

Manufacturing process: M. S. Hoekstra et al., Org. Process Res. Dev. 1, 26 (1997). 

HPLC determn in biological fluids: B. L. Windsor, L. L. Radulovic, J. Chromatogr. B 674, 143 (1995). 

Clinical trial in post-herpetic neuralgia: R. Sabatowski et al., Pain 109, 26 (2004). 

Overview of mechanism and pharmacology: S. M. Stahl, J. Clin. Psychiatry65, 596, 1033 (2004). 

Review of pharmacology and clinical experience: B. A. Lauria-Horner, R. B. Pohl, Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs12, 663-672 (2003); R. Huckle, Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 5, 82-89 (2004).

Properties: White crystalline solid, mp 186-188°. [a]D23 +10.52° (c = 1.06 in water).

Melting point: mp 186-188°

Optical Rotation: [a]D23 +10.52° (c = 1.06 in water)

Therap-Cat: Anticonvulsant; anxiolytic; analgesic in treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain.

Keywords: Anticonvulsant; Anxiolytic; Analgesic (Non-Narcotic).

LINOXEPIN SPECTRAL DATA

Weinstabl, H., Suhartono, M., Qureshi, Z. and Lautens, M. (2013), Total Synthesis of (+)-Linoxepin by Utilizing the Catellani Reaction . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52: 5305–5308. doi: 10.1002/anie.201302327

1. ^†
   We gratefully thank the NSERC, Merck Frosst, and Merck for an Industrial Research Chair. We also thank the University of Toronto for support of our program, Dr. Alan Lough (Chemistry Department, University of Toronto) for single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. H.W. thanks the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): J3250-N19 for an Erwin Schroedinger postdoctoral fellowship and M.S. thanks the DFG for a postdoctoral fellowship. We would like to thank Pierre Thesmar and Patrick Lui for their contributions.

Total Synthesis of (+)-Linoxepin by Utilizing the Catellani Reaction^†

1. Dr. Harald Weinstabl, 
2. Dr. Marcel Suhartono, 
3. Zafar Qureshi, 
4. Prof. Dr. Mark Lautens^*

Article first published online: 16 APR 2013

DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302327

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201302327/full

Lignans are a diverse class of plant-derived natural products belonging to the phytooestrogen family. They have long been used as herbal remedies for pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and warts. However, more recently, lignans exhibiting immunosuppressive activity, tumor growth inhibition, and anti-fungal properties have been used in disease therapy, such as the anticancer agent etoposide.2

In 2007, Schmidt and co-workers isolated a lignan from the aerial parts of Linum perenne L. (Linaceae) with a previously undescribed carbon skeleton, which they named linoxepin (1). This caffeic acid dimer exhibits an oxidation-prone dihydronaphthalene core, a tetrasubstituted double bond embedded within a highly strained ring system, and a dibenzo–dihydrooxepine moiety, which is unique within this class of molecules. These interesting structural characteristics and their associated challenges make (+)-linoxepin (1) an interesting synthetic target.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Volume 52, Issue 20, pages 5305–5308, May 10, 201
3

IR spectra were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 1000 FT-IR spectrometer as neat films or as solutions (CHCl3 or CH2Cl2) on a NaCl plate. Data is presented as frequency of absorption (cm–1).  1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded at 23 °C in CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 with a Bruker Avance 400 spectrometer or a Varian Mercury 400 spectrometer. Recorded shifts for protons are reported in parts per million (δ scale) and are referenced to residual proton signals in the NMR solvent (CHCl3: δ = 7.26, DMSO-d6: δ = 2.50). Chemical shifts for carbon resonances are reported in parts per million (δ scale) and are referenced to the carbon resonances of the solvent (CDCl3: δ = 77.0, DMSO-d6:  39.43). Data are represented as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet,

(+)-linoxepin (1) or (R)-6-methoxy-9a,10-dihydro-4H-[1,3]dioxolo[4',5':3,4]benzo[1,2-e]furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[1,8-bc]oxepin-12(9H)-one 

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 6.87 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.04 – 6.02 (m, 2H), 5.39 (dd, J = 12.6, 1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (t, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.36 – 3.16 (m, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J = 14.7, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (td, J = 14.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H);  

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 168.83, 149.43, 149.04, 148.52, 145.68, 144.79, 129.43, 128.15, 124.35, 124.14, 122.22, 119.82, 116.50, 111.83, 108.12, 101.85, 70.00, 64.66, 56.18, 36.84, 34.46;  

IR (neat) νmax = 2900, 1748, 1661, 1572, 1481, 1464, 1436, 1300, 1277, 1264, 1244, 1199, 1183, 1102, 1032, 1013, 913, 760  

HRMS (DART) [M+H]+ m/z = 365.10195 calcd. for C21H17O6: 365.10251.  

Melting point: decomp. 228 °C  

Optical rotation: [α]D20: + 90.0 (c = 0.25, CHCl3). 

Weinstabl H, Suhartono M, Qureshi Z, Lautens M * University of Toronto, Canada 

Total Synthesis of (+)-Linoxepin by Utilizing the Catellani Reaction.

Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013;
52: 5305-5308

Lautens and co-workers report the synthesis of linoxepin, a lignin isolated from Linum perennne L.(Linaceae). The elegant strategy relies on the Catellani reaction, in which a strained olefin (norbornene) is used to couple an iodoarene, an alkyl halide, and a terminal olefin using palladium catalysis. This is the first application of the Catellani reaction in the synthesis of a natural product and underscores the power of processes that form multiple bonds in a single step. In this context, it is worth highlighting the recent synthesis of linoxepin by Tietze and co-workers (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 3191), which relies on a different palladium-catalyzed domino reaction.

Alkylation of phenol A with benzyl iodide B gave Catellani precursor C in 94% yield. The norbornene-mediated domino process involving aryl iodide C, enantiopure alkyl iodide D and acrylate E delivered key intermediate F in 89% yield. Oxidative cleavage of the olefin followed by TiCl4-promoted aldol condensation furnished G, which in the presence of catalytic amounts of a palladium catalyst underwent a Mizoroki–Heck reaction to give (+)-linoxepin in 76% yield.

The African pin cushion plant produces large quantities of analgesic compounds...now NMR has demonstrated that one of the primary components is chemically identical to the well-known, synthetic opioid painkiller Tramadol.

Getting to the root of painkiller

The African pin cushion plant produces large quantities of analgesic compounds...now NMR has demonstrated that one of the primary components is chemically identical to the well-known, synthetic opioid painkiller Tramadol. The discovery should serve as a warning to the potential problems of dependency and addiction that might occur with use of so-called natural and herbal medicinal products.

Michel De Waard, Inserm Research Director at the Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences and colleagues report that this is the first time that what was considered to be an entirely synthetic pharmaceutical product is present naturally at high concentration in a plant or other biological source.

http://www.spectroscopynow.com/details/ezine/5416671/Natural_synthetic_Analgesic_unearthed.html?tzcheck=1



read all at



http://www.spectroscopynow.com/details/ezine/5416671/Natural_synthetic_Analgesic_unearthed.html?tzcheck=1

Mix and Shake NMR Method

A simple "mix and shake" proton NMR method for determining the chirality of amines and amino alcohols
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Solving Powder Structures Spectroscopy: Computational NMR approach deciphers what other methods cannot

 

The crystal structure of AZD8329 form 4 was determined using solid-state NMR.

http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i45/Solving-Powder-Structures.html

Molecules can crystallize in different forms, which may have variable stability or solubility properties. For materials and pharmaceutical applications that use microcrystalline powders, manufacturers must be able to reliably produce specific crystal forms and have analytical methods available to ensure that they’re doing so.

http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i45/Solving-Powder-Structures.html

TAMOXIFEN, can treat and prevent one type of breast cancer, without the side effects of chemotherapy.

 TAMOXIFEN

  10540-29-1 CAS READ ABOUT TITLE AT..........http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/sites/default/files/CIIE_Tamoxifen.mp3

   Molecular Formula: C₂₆H₂₉NO•C₆H₈O₇ CAS Number: 54965-24-1 Brands: Nolvadex, TAMOXIFEN CITRATE   Chemically, NOLVADEX (tamoxifen citrate) is the trans-isomer of a triphenylethylene derivative. The chemical name is (Z)2-[4-(1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl) phenoxy]-N, N-dimethylethanamine 2 hydroxy-1,2,3- propanetricarboxylate (1:1). The structural and empirical formulas are:    
  Tamoxifen citrate has a molecular weight of 563.62, the pKa' is 8.85, the equilibrium solubility in water at 37°C is 0.5 mg/mL and in 0.02 N HCl at 37°C, it is 0.2 mg/mL.   NDA021807 APPR2005-10-29 DARA BIOSCIENCES,

SOLTAMOX

US PATENT  6,127,425

US 6127425

APPROVED 1998-06-26

EXPIRY 2018-06-26

  Tamoxifen is an antagonist of the estrogen receptor in breast tissue via its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen. In other tissues such as the endometrium, it behaves as an agonist, and thus may be characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist. Tamoxifen is the usual endocrine (anti-estrogen) therapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women, and is also a standard in post-menopausal women although aromatase inhibitors are also frequently used in that setting. Some breast cancer cells require estrogen to grow. Estrogen binds to and activates the estrogen receptor in these cells. Tamoxifen is metabolized into compounds that also bind to the estrogen receptor but do not activate it. Because of this competitive antagonism, tamoxifen acts like a key broken off in the lock that prevents any other key from being inserted, preventing estrogen from binding to its receptor. Hence breast cancer cell growth is blocked. Tamoxifen was discovered by pharmaceutical company Imperial Chemical Industries (now AstraZeneca) and is sold under the trade names Nolvadex, Istubal, and Valodex. However, the drug, even before its patent expiration, was and still is widely referred to by its generic name "tamoxifen.  

Breast cancer

Tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of both early and advanced ER+ (estrogen receptor positive) breast cancer in pre- and post-menopausal women.Additionally, it is the most common hormone treatment for male breast cancer. It is also approved by the FDA for the prevention of breast cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease. It has been further approved for the reduction of contralateral (in the opposite breast) cancer. In 2006, the large STAR clinical study concluded that raloxifene is equally effective in reducing the incidence of breast cancer, but after an average 4-year follow-up there were 36% fewer uterine cancers and 29% fewer blood clots in women taking raloxifene than in women taking tamoxifen, although the difference is not statistically significant.

Nolvadex (tamoxifen) 20 mg tablets

In 2005, the ATAC trial showed that after average 68 months following a 5 year adjuvant treatment, the group that received anastrozole (Arimidex) had significantly better results than the tamoxifen group in measures like disease free survival, but no overall mortality benefit. Data from the trial suggest that anastrozole should be the preferred medication for postmenopausal women with localized breast cancer that is estrogen receptor (ER) positive.Another study found that the risk of recurrence was reduced 40% (with some risk of bone fracture) and that ER negative patients also benefited from switching to anastrozole.    

  Crystallographic structure of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (carbon = white, oxygen = red, nitrogen = blue) complexed with ligand binding domain of estrogen receptor alpha (cyan ribbon) Tamoxifen

lTamoxifen was first developed in 1962 as a morning-after birth control pill that was successful in experiments with laboratory rats.

lTamoxifen (brand name Nolvadex) is the best-known hormonal treatment and the most prescribed anti-cancer drug in the world.

lUsed for over 20 years to treat women with advanced breast cancer, tamoxifen also is commonly prescribed to prevent recurrences among women with early breast cancer.

lIs a SERMs.

Anti-estrogens work by binding to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from binding to these receptors, stopping cell proliferation

lBreast-cancer prevention occurred in 1998 when the National Cancer Institute (NCI) announced results of a six-year study showing that tamoxifen reduced the incidence of breast cancer by 45 percent among healthy but high-risk women.

l13,388 healthy women considered at high risk for breast cancer were recruited

l85 developed breast cancer compared to 154 of those on the placebo or dummy pill.

lpotentially life-threatening side effects. There were 33 cases of endometrial cancer in the tamoxifen group

lThere were 30 cases of blood clots in major veins (deep-vein thrombosis)

lBecause these problems developed exclusively among postmenopausal women

–60-year-old, an age at which 17 out of every 1,000 women can be expected to develop breast cancer within five years

–ages of 35 and 59 were eligible to participate if their risks matched or exceeded those of a 60-year-old

lAlthough tamoxifen has been useful both in treating breast cancer patients and in decreasing the risk of getting breast cancer.

lSide effects arise from the fact that while tamoxifen acts as an antiestrogen that blocks the effects of estrogen on breast cells, it mimics the actions of estrogen in other tissues such as the uterus. Its estrogen-like effects on the uterus stimulate proliferation of the uterine endometrium and increase the risk of uterine cancer.

Adequate patent protection is required to develop an innovation in a timely manner. In 1962, ICI Pharmaceuticals Division filed a broad patent in the United Kingdom (UK) (Application number GB19620034989 19620913). The application stated, "The alkene derivatives of the invention are useful for the modification of the endocrine status in man and animals and they may be useful for the control of hormone-dependent tumours or for the management of the sexual cycle and aberrations thereof. They also have useful hypocholesterolaemic activity". This was published in 1965 as UK Patent GB1013907, which described the innovation that different geometric isomers of substituted triphenylethylenes had either oestrogenic or anti-oestrogenic properties. Indeed, this observation was significant, because when scientists at Merrell subsequently described the biological activity of the separated isomers of their drug clomiphene, they inadvertently reversed the naming. This was subsequently rectified. Although tamoxifen was approved for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in post-menopausal women in 1977 in the United States (the year before ICI Pharmaceuticals Division received the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement in the UK), the patent situation was unclear. ICI Pharmaceuticals Division was repeatedly denied patent protection in the US until the 1980s because of the perceived primacy of the earlier Merrell patents and because no advance (that is, a safer, more specific drug) was recognized by the patent office in the United States. In other words, the clinical development advanced steadily for more than a decade in the United States without the assurance of exclusivity. This situation also illustrates how unlikely the usefulness of tamoxifen was considered to be by the medical advisors to the pharmaceutical industry in general. Remarkably, when tamoxifen was hailed as the adjuvant endocrine treatment of choice for breast cancer by the National Cancer Institute in 1984, the patent application, initially denied in 1984, was awarded through the court of appeals in 1985. This was granted with precedence to the patent dating back to 1965! So, at a time when world-wide patent protection was being lost, the patent protecting tamoxifen started a 17 year life in the United States. The unique and unusual legal situation did not go uncontested by generic companies, but AstraZeneca (as the ICI Pharmaceuticals Division is now called) rightly retained patent protection for their pioneering product, most notably, from the Smalkin Decision in Baltimore, 1996. (Zeneca, Ltd. vs. Novopharm, Ltd. Civil Action No S95-163 United States District Court, D. Maryland, Northern Division, March 14, 1996.)

 

Title: Tamoxifen

CAS Registry Number: 10540-29-1

CAS Name: (Z)-2-[4-(1,2-Diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine

Additional Names: 1-p-b-dimethylaminoethoxyphenyl-trans-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene

Molecular Formula: C26H29NO

Molecular Weight: 371.51

Percent Composition: C 84.06%, H 7.87%, N 3.77%, O 4.31%

Literature References: Nonsteroidal estrogen antagonist.

Prepn: BE 637389 (1964 to ICI). Identification and separation of isomers: G. R. Bedford, D. N. Richardson, Nature 212, 733 (1966); BE 678807; M. J. K. Harper et al., US 4536516 (1966, 1985 both to ICI). Stereospecific synthesis: R. B. Miller, M. I. Al-Hassan, J. Org. Chem. 50, 2121 (1985). Review of chemistry and pharmacology: B. J. A. Furr, V. C. Jordan, Pharmacol. Ther. 25, 127-205 (1984). Reviews of clinical experience in treatment and prevention of breast cancer: I. A. Jaiyesimi et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 13, 513-529 (1995); C. K. Osborne, N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1609-1618 (1998).

Properties: Crystals from petr ether, mp 96-98°.

Melting point: mp 96-98°

Derivative Type: Citrate

CAS Registry Number: 54965-24-1

Manufacturers' Codes: ICI-46474

Trademarks: Kessar (Pharmacia); Nolvadex (AstraZeneca); Tamofène (Aventis); Zemide (Alpharma); Zitazonium (Servier)

Molecular Formula: C26H29NO.C6H8O7

Molecular Weight: 563.64

Percent Composition: C 68.19%, H 6.62%, N 2.49%, O 22.71%

Properties: Fine, white, odorless crystalline powder, mp 140-142°. Slightly sol in water; sol in ethanol, methanol, acetone. Hygroscopic at high relative humidities. Sensitive to uv light. LD50 in mice, rats (mg/kg): 200, 600 i.p.; 62.5, 62.5 i.v.; 3000-6000, 1200-2500 orally (Furr, Jordan).

Melting point: mp 140-142°

Toxicity data: LD50 in mice, rats (mg/kg): 200, 600 i.p.; 62.5, 62.5 i.v.; 3000-6000, 1200-2500 orally (Furr, Jordan)

Derivative Type: (E)-Form

CAS Registry Number: 13002-65-8

Properties: mp 72-74° from methanol.

Melting point: mp 72-74° from methanol

Derivative Type: (E)-Form citrate

Manufacturers' Codes: ICI-47699

Properties: mp 126-128°.

Melting point: mp 126-128°

CAUTION: Tamoxifen is listed as a known human carcinogen: Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition (PB2005-104914, 2004) p III-239.

Therap-Cat: Antineoplastic (hormonal).

Keywords: Antineoplastic (Hormonal); Antiestrogens; Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM).

Synthesis of the E and Z isomers of the antiestrogen Tamoxifen.  David W.Robertson and John A. Katzenellenbogen.  Journal of Organic Chemistry 1982 , 47, Pages 2387-2393.  An early synthesis of Tamoxifen : Production of non stereo specific products. 

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     For easy of understanding the complete synthesis has been broken down into a number of steps.Step 1.

Step 1.
This step shows use of a simple friedel-craft acylation involving Anisole(A) and Phenylacetic acid (B). The acylating agent in this process was a mixture of PCl5 / SnCl4. The ketone C was formed in a 78% yield.

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  Step 2.  
   
Step 2.  
Alkylation was promoted by treating the ketone C with Sodium hydride (NaH). This removed the acidic protons (located on the position alpha to the carbonyl group) to produce the enolate ion. This could be isolated as the sodium enolate of the ketone treatment of this with ethyl iodide resulted in the formation of compound (D) in a 94% yield. The Ethyl iodide was chosen as the acylating agent probably as it contains the iodide ion , which is an excellent leaving group. It can therefore facilitate an SN2 substitution reaction with relative easy.    

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  Step 3.  
   
Step 3.   The phenol was deprotected using Lithium ethanthiolate in DMF ( Dimethyl This facilitated the removal of the methyl group and replaced it with a H to form a hydroxl group. Thus forming compound (E) in a 96% yield.  
This is a key step as it has left a chink in the armour of the molecule. This can then be used to build up a characteristic part of the Tamoxifen molecule. (eg the (diemthylamino)ethyl group can be added easily from here)    

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Step 4.    
   
Step 4.  
Then product E can be alkylated by treatment with 2-(dimethylamino) ethy chloride. The most facile site of alklation is the OH group on the phenyl ring. This can be interpreted roughly by using HSAB theory. e.g Hard and Soft acid/base theory. The carbon adjacent to the chloride ion of the reactant 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl chloride is made slightly harder due to the process of symbiosis. This can rationalise the formation between the hard oxygen atom to the normally soft carbon atom. In this case the carbon atom has become slightly harder due to the presence of the hard chorine atom. Hence the interaction is favourable by HSAB theory. The above reaction gives product F via a SN2 substitution reaction in 70% yield.    

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Step 5.  
 
Step5.  
F on treatment with PhMgBr forms the tertiary alcohol (G).  
Formation of the Grignard reagent can be achieved via reaction of PhBr + Mg -----> PhMgBr. The Grignard reagent has effectively formed a carbanion species eg C delta negative (-ve). This is due to the presence of the C-Mg bond. the fact that Magnesium is a more electropositive element thus making the Carbon atom the more electronegative element and hence acquiring a negative charge. As a result of the negative nature of the carbon atom it can now attack the delta positive (+ve) Carbon atom of the carbonyl group.    

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step 6.    
   
Step 6. The dehydration of F was initiated by treatment of methanoic hydrogen chloride. this gives the required structure of Tamoxifen. However it gives a racemic mixture of both cis and trans isomers.  
The ratio of the Cis / Trans isomers was (1.3 / 1). These isomers of Tamoxifen can be separated by Silica gel thin layer chromatography with benzene / triethylamine (9:1) as the developing solvent. Analysis of this technique revealed that the Z (Trans) isomer was more mobile than the E (Cis) isomer.

Synthetic Route 2: A Stereospecific Approach.

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Stereospecific Synthesis of (Z) - Tamoxifen via carbometalation of Alkynylsilanes. Studied for historical reasons rather than synthetic brilliance. This synthesis was the first stereo specific synthesis of (Z) Trans Tamoxifen. Comparison between this synthesis and the previous route I believe can illustrate the development of synthetic approaches to large molecules. In particular the quest for stereo specific reactions. So starting from an alkynylsilane (A) and through a series of reactions we can generate only the (Z) - Trans isomer of Tamoxifen.

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Again for ease of understanding the complete synthesis has been broken down into a number of steps. Step1.

 

Step1.

    This step contains the vital stereo specific step. Namely the carbometalation of the alkynylsilane.It is this step which establishes the stereochemistry about the double bond. The phenyl (trimethyl silyl) - acetylene was carbometalated with diethylaluminium chloride - titanocene dichloride reactant to produce an organometallic intermediate. This organometallic intermediate was then cleaved with N bromosucciniamide to produce the alkene (B) in 85% yield.

The stereochemistry was assigned as E (Cis) mechanistic evidence suggests that this is linked to some steric reasons.

(Earlier work dedicated to this reaction see : Miller, R.B. Al-Hassan.M.I J.Org.Chem. 1984, 49, 725)

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Step2.

Step 2.

The second step shows the stereo specific replacement of the Br group by a phenyl group. This was achieved by use of Palladium - catalysed coupling of compound (B) with phenyl zinc chloride to form (C) the vinylsilane in a 95% yield. Step3.  

Step3.

This step during the synthesis was reported to be tricky and several approaches were attempted before a successful technique was discovered.   The objective of this step was to replace the trimethyl Silyl group by a suitable halogen atom (e.g. Bromine or Iodine) However a facile reaction was reported when (C) was treated with bromine - sodium methoxide at -78�C to produce the vinyl bromide (D) in a yield of 85%   Step 4.

 

Step 4.

The vinyl bromide (D) coupled well with a Zinc organometallic species to produce (E) the ethyl triaryl olefin in a yield of 84%.

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Step 5.

 

Step 5.

The formation of (F) Tamoxifen was achieved by demethylation with sodium ethylthoilate in refluxing dimethyl formamide. then reaction of the phenoxide ion with 2-( dimethylamino)ethyl chloride via a SN2 substitution.

Purification of the crude product was achieved via it's hydrochloride salt ( via a reaction with HCl (g)) then F was regenerated by treatment with dilute base this produced the stereospecific (Z)- Trans isomer in an overall yield of 60%.

a synthesis

Palladium-Catalyzed Fluoride-Free Cross-Coupling of Intramolecularly ActivatedAlkenylsilanes and Alkenylgermanes: Synthesis of Tamoxifen as a Synthetic Application (pages 642–650)Kenji Matsumoto and Mitsuru ShindoArticle first published online: 23 FEB 2012 | DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100627

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    http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/cs/c0cs00129e#!divAbstract




    

   EP 0883587 A1  WO1997026234A1)

 Preparation of Z isomer of Tamoxifen A solution of bromobenzene (3.92g, 25mmol) in ether (5ml) containing a crystal of iodine was added dropwise to a suspension of magnesium turnings (0.63g, 26mmol) in ether (5ml) at reflux, under nitrogen. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and a solution of l- [ 4- ( 2- chloroethoxy)phenyl]-2-phenyl-l-butanone (3.75g, 12.4mmol) in ether (15ml) was added over 1 hour. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 16 hours, then poured into dilute hydrochloric acid (50ml) and extracted with ether (3x40ml) . The combined ether layers were concentrated, the residual oil was dissolved in ethanol (10ml) and refluxed with concentrated hydrochloric acid (5ml) for 4 hours. The organic phase was separated, dried (Na₂S0₄) and evaporated to dryness to give a yellow oil. Η NMR (see Figures 1 to 4 and discussion below) showed this to be a 2:1 mixture of the Z and E isomers. The oil was then dissolved in warm methanol (about 40°C) and allowed to cool to room temperature. The colourless crystals formed proved to be pure Z isomer of 2-chloroethoxy tamoxifen (4.12g, 11.4mmol, 92% yield) . M.p. 107-109°C, m/z 362/364 (chlorine atom present), <S_H 0.92 (3H, t, J = 7.33 Hz, CH₃) , 2.46 (2H, q, J = 7.33 Hz, CH₂CH₃) , 3.72 (2H, t, J = 5.86 Hz, 0CH₂CH₂C1) , 4.09 (2H, t, J = 5.86 Hz, 0CH₂CH₂C1) , 6.55 (2H, d, J = 8.79 Hz, aromatic protons ortho to 0CH₂CH₂C1) , 6.79 (2H, d, J = 8.79 Hz, aromatic protons meta to 0CH₂CH₂C1) , 7.10-7.38 (10H, m, the two remaining C₆H₅ ^,s) (see Figure 5) . The 2-chloroethoxy tamoxifen was reacted with dimethylamine in ethanol, under reflux, to produce the desired Z isomer of tamoxifen. Analysis of Η NMR data Figures 1 to 4 represent a mixture of the E- and Z- forms of compound XI described above. The expansion of the region ό^* 0.80 to 1.05 shows two overlapping triplets corresponding to the CH₃ groups in the Z- and E- derivatives respectively. The critical point is the ratio of the heights of the peaks at 0.92 (for the Z) and 0.94 (for the E) , which is approximately 2:1. The expansion of the 4.00 to 4.35 region reveals similar information where ratios are 10:6.4 and 5.56:3.43. Similarly expansion of the region 3.6 to 3.9 shows the ratio to be 2.46:1. All of these measurements suggest an approximate 2:1 ratio. Referring to Figure 5, this shows almost pure Z- isomer. It should be noted that there is 660 mg of this from an original mixture of a 2:1 ratio mixture of 780 mg which would contain only 520 mg of the Z-isomer.




      

Z isomer of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxi en include stereoselective syntheses (involving expensive catalysts) as described in J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans I 1987, 1101 and J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 6184 or chromatographic separation of an E/Z mixture of isomers as described in J. Chem. Res., 1985 (S) 116, (M) 1342, 1986 (S) 58, (M) 771. (Z)-tamoxifen (1) as a white solid, mp: 95.8-96.3 ºC. ¹H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) d 0.92 (3H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.29 (6H, s), 2.45 (2H, q, J 7.3 Hz), 2.65 (2H, t, J 5.8 Hz), 3.93 (2H, t, J 5.8 Hz), 6.68 (2H, d, J 9.5 Hz), 6.78 (2H, d, J 9.5 Hz), 7.08-7.28 (10H, m).¹³C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) d 13.6 (CH₃), 29.0 (CH₂), 45.8 (CH₃), 58.2 (CH₂), 65.5 (CH₂), 113.4 (C), 126.0 (C), 126.5 (CH), 127.8 (CH), 128.1 (C), 129.7 (C), 131.8 (CH), 135.6 (CH), 138.2 (CH), 141.3 (CH), 142.4 (CH), 143.8 (C), 156.7 (C). IR (KBr film) n_max/cm^-1: 3055, 2979, 2925, 2813, 2769, 1606, 1509, 1240, 1035, 707. GC-MS (EI) m/z 371(5%), 58(100%).


   (Z)-tamoxifen (1) and (E)-tamoxifen (2) in 52% yield. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d 0.91 (Z isomer. 3H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 0.94 (E isomer. 3H, t, J 7.3 Hz), 2.28 (Z isomer. 6H, s), 2.34 (E isomer. 6H, s), 2.42-2.52 (Z and Eisomers. 4H, m), 2.63 (Z isomer. 2H, t, J 5.9 Hz), 2.74 (E isomer. 2H, t, J 5.9 Hz), 3.94 (Z isomer. 2H, t, J 5.9 Hz), 4.07 (E isomer. 2H, t, J 5.9 Hz), 6.68 (Z isomer. 2H, d, J 9.7 Hz), 6.76 (E isomer. 2H, d, J 9.3 Hz), 6.86-7.36 (Z and E isomers. 10H, m). IR (KBr film) n_max/cm^-1: 3081, 3056, 2974, 2826, 2770, 1611, 1509, 1238, 1044. GC-MS (EI) m/z: Z isomer, 371(4%), 72 (24%), 58(100%); E isomer, 371(3%), 72 (24%), 58(100%). (the diastereoisomeric ratio was determined by capillary GC analysis and the configuration of the major diastereoisomer established by comparison of the NMR data of the synthetic mixture with an authentic sample of (Z)-tamoxifen (1).


   nmr  


 ir FTIR shows the typical spectra's of pure tamoxifen citrate, PCL, a physical mixture of tamoxifen citrate and PCL and drug-loaded implants. The spectrum of tamoxifen citrate shows characteristic absorption bands at 3027 cm⁻¹ (=C-H stretching), 1507 and 1477 (C=C ring stretching) and 3180 cm ^-1 (-NH2). PCL displays a characteristic absorption band at strong bands such as the carbonyl stretching mode around 1727 cm⁻¹ (C=O), asymmetric stretching 2949 cm⁻¹ (CH ₂ ) symmetric stretching 2865 cm⁻¹ (CH ₂ ). No changes in the spectrum of the physical mixture and drug-loaded microspheres were evident by FTIR spectroscopy. The strong bands such as the carbonyl peak were clear at all points.

Figure 2: Transmission FTIR spectra of (a) tamoxifen-loaded implant, (b) physical mixture of drug+PCL, (c) pure PCL, (d) pure tamoxifen citrate

enlarged view

  FTIR spectra of A) tamoxifen citrate; B) PLGA; C) mixture of drug and excipients; D) freshly prepared nanoparticles in the formulation (BS-3HS). Mentions: The pure drug tamoxifen citrate, PLGA-85:15, PVA, a mixture of PLGA and PVA, and a mixture of tamoxifen citrate, PLGA, and PVA; and a freshly prepared formulation were mixed separately with IR grade KBr in the ratio of 1:100 and corresponding pellets were prepared by applying 5.5 metric ton pressure with a hydraulic press. The pellets were scanned in an inert atmosphere over a wave number range of 4000–400 cm−1 in Magna IR 750 series II, FTIR instrument (Nicolet, Madison, WI, USA).  


 dsc   DSC thermograms of pure tamoxifen (a), pure PCL (b), physical mixture of drug+PCL (c) and (d) drug-loaded implant. The experiment was carried with crimped aluminum pans and a heating rate of 10ºC/min    






 xrd X-ray diffraction studies of pure drug (a), pure PCL (b), physical mixture of drug+PCL (c) and (d) drug-loaded implant   synthesis J.Chem. Research,1985(S) 116, (M) 1342 and 1986 (S) 58, (M) 0771.